Hanger device for storm windows



May 21, 1935. P. VANDEN BRANDE 2,002,169

HANGER DEVICE FOR STORM WINDOWS v Filed Jan. 51, 1934 2- vai az 2'6 /32 g I 28 ATTORN EY Patented May 21, 1935 UNITED STATES PATENT "OFFICE 2,002,169 HANGER DEVICE FOR STORM WINDOWS Peter Vanden Brande, Freeport, N. Y. I

Application January 31, 1934, Serial No. 709,100

14 Claims.

inside the room convenient and easy.

Storm windows by reason of the fact that they carry panes of glass in their sashes have considerable weight which renders them difficult to handle when a person has to lean to a con-' siderable extent out of the window in an awkward position with danger of falling through the window. These difiiculties are encountered when storm windows are hung from the top by means of separable hook hinges such as have commonly been employed for hanging screens. while storm windows thus hung may be swung out at the bottom and some ventilation thus obtained they remain closed at the top and without ventilation at this point.

The hanger device of my invention may be equally well and similarly employed for the hanging of either storm windows or window screens and is thus especially well adapted in view of the fact that the principal parts or members of my device may permanently remain in their attached position on the window frame.

With the hanger device of my invention, a storm window may be removed from, or placed within, a window frame from the inside of the room with only small movements of the storm window and while the latter has its bottom end portion relatively close to the outside of the window frame. Also the device of my invention provides for obtaining ventilation over the top of the storm window as well as along the sides of its lower portion.

The device of my invention comprises two similar hanger members each of which is pivotally attached to the upper portion of the window frame by means of a horizontal pivot, one of these hanger members being thus mounted at each side of the window to extend within the outer portion of the window frame.

Each of these hanger members has a lever arm extending down at the outer side of the upper portion of the storm window sash and has a top wall extended inwardly beyond the pivot and also forming a lever arm, thereby forming substantially a bell-crank lever. -When the sash is in place within the window frame it holds this upper lever against downward movement and thus causes the outer lever to hold the sas in place in the window frame.

When the storm window sash is swung outward at the bottomit swings the hanger member on Also its pivot. The sash has a detachable connection with the outer arm of the hanger member while the latter is adapted to be frictionally retained when it is swung outward to a predetermined extent, whereby the sash may then be detached 5 from, or connected to, the hanger member in removing or in replacing the sash.

This detachable connection of the storm win- I dow sash to the hanger member is a lost motion connection which will support the storm window at a lowered position when it is swung out at the bottom beyond the window sill, upon which it is supported when in its normal closed position'. This provides a ventilating space between the top'rail of the storm window, sash and the 15 lintel of the window frame.

Other advantageous features of construction and desirable attributes of the storm window of my invention will clearly appear from the followingparticular description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing which illustrates one form thereof and in which similar parts are designated by similar numerals.

Figure 1 is an outside view of a window equipped with a storm sash embodying my invention.

Figure 2 is an enlarged vertical section on the line-Z-Zof Figure 1.

V Figure 3 is an enlarged fragmentary'view sim.- ilar to Figure 1 but showing the storm sash as adjusted for securing ventilation.

Figure 4 is a vertical section on of Figure 3.

Figure 5 is a similar view illustrating the manner of operation in placing the storm sash in position on the window or in removing it.

Figure 6 is an outer top perspective view of the right hand hanger member which appears in Figure 1.

The particular embodiment of the storm window equipment device of my invention illustrated in the accompanying drawing comprises two principal parts consisting of two similar hanger members A and B. These two hanger members are alike except that the hanger member A is of left hand form and the hanger member B is right hand; The left hand hanger member A appears at the top and left in Figure 1 and is further shown in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5, while the right hand hanger member B appears at the top and right in Figure l and is further shown in Figure 6. These hanger members A and B may be readily pressed or stamped out from suitable plate metal, or if desired they may be cast.

Each of the hanger members Aand B has an intermediate plate portion 10 which forms an 56 the line 4-4 outer face plate. A wing or flange l I forming an attaching portion extends inwardly or rearwardly from a lateral edge of the body plate ill, from the left hand edge of this plate ill for the left hand hanger member A as is shown in Figures 2, 3, 4 and 5, and from the right hand edge thereof as shown in Figure 6 for the right hand hanger member B. This attaching flange H has through it an attaching hole l2 which is beveled or countersunk at the inner side, as indicated in the drawing, particularly in Figure 6.

From the top of the body plate it a top wall l3 extends inwardly or rearwardly at right angles thereto and also at right angles to the attaching flange l i this top wall it terminating in a rear or inner edge l4. It will be noted that theattaching hole !2 is spaced outwardly from the top wall edge it. Also this pivot hole 62 is shown as spaced downwardly from the top wall l3 and'as spaced inwardly from the face plate ill.

The normally vertical face plate it is extended downwardly to form a lever arm or hanger portion l5 which in this particular construction is shown as joined to the plate if! through a downwardly andrearwardly inclined connecting portion M5. The hanger lever it has an outwardly turned lower end portion ll. The flat downward- 1y extended portion of this hanger arm lever I5 -is provided with a vertically slotted opening H) of suitable length, substantially as shown in the drawing.

A pivot stud shown as an ordinary fiat-head screw l9, adapted for fixedly but pivotally mounting the hanger member A or B upon a window frame, is adapted to be passed outwardly through the hole H2 in the attaching portion H with its head received flush. into the countersunk portion of this hole, as shown by dotted lines in Figure 3. A- similar pivotal attaching screw 59 is provided for each of the hanger members A and B.

A hook member adapted to be fixedly carried by the storm window sash to project outwardly therefrom is adapted to pass freely through the slot 58 in the depending hanger arm 55, there being such a similar hook member for each of the hangermembers' A and B. In the particular illustrated construction, such a hook member is shown as a specially formed screw hook. This hook member comprises a screw shank 26, and an upwardly bowed hook portion 2! having a downturned prong 22 which is inclined slightly outward.

Allof the few parts of the hanger device itself have now been described. The storm window itself may be and is shown as of a substantially usualconstruction. Its sash comprises a pair of side bars, or stiles 2323, an upper rail 2A, a

lower rail 25 and an intermediate horizontal cross rail 25, with upper and lower glass window panes 2l2l mounted in this sash. In carrying out my invention, the upper portion of the inner side of the top rail 2 is cut away so as to provide a beveled faceEB, the purpose of which will appear later. 7

A usual type of window frame is shown in the drawing. This frame has a jamb 29, it'being understood of course that there is another similar 'jamb at the otherside of the window, a lintel 33,

a sill 3| usual outer side facings32-32,a top facing 33 and a usual outer stop strip or blind stop which is made up of a pair of side strip parts such as the vertical strip part 34 and a top strip section 35. In the particular window frame shown, it will be noted that the jamb such as 29 and the lintel 30 extendoutward only to the'outen face of the stop strip parts 3 3 and 35 and are there supplemented outwardly by the outer facings 32 and As is well known, sometimes such outer facings are omitted, and in such case the frame jambs and lintel extend outward beyond the outer stop strip. Thus in the particular window frame construction shown the facings 32-32 and 33 form an outward continuation of and in effect form portions of the jamb 29 and lintel 39.

The pivot screw l9, after passing outwardly through the hole l2 of the attaching portion H of a hanger member A or B, enters the upper portion of a side of the window frame from its inner face, which in the present instance is formed by the side facing This pivot screw 59 is positioned sufiiciently below the lower face of the lintel, formed in this instance by the lower face of the top facing 33, so as to provide suitable clearance above the upper face of the top wall it of the hanger member, as clearly shown in Figure 2, thereby providing for the hanger member to be swung outwardly, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Also this pivot screw I9 is properly spacedoutwardly from the outer face of the stop strip 35 to an extent which will provide for the rear or inner edge M of the top wall L3 or the hanger member coming into abutting and frictional engagement with this stop strip when the hanger member is swung outwardly to a sufficient extent, as is shown in Figure 5. The bevel 28 on the top rail E l of the storm window sash provides clearance relatively to the stop strip sections 3-3 and 35 in this swinging movement of the hanger member, as will be most clearly evi dent from Figure 2.

The hook member has its shank 28 screwed from the outside into the side bar or stile 23 of the storm window sash at a position so that its upwardly bowed hook portion El will clear the upper end of the slot 58 with the downwardly turned prong 22 of this hook member extending beyond the outer face of the lever arm l5, with the inner face of this lever arm l5 then lying against the outer face of the stile 23 and with the upper face of the top rail it then abutting against the lower face of the top wall it, as shown in Figure 2. The inner face of the storm window sash, comprising the stiles 23-23 and top rail 24, will then abut against the outer faces of the stop strip sections 33-35, while the weight of the storm window will be supported upon the window sill 3E3 by reason of the bottom rail 25 of the sash resting upon this sill. This is the normal or closed position of the storm windowas shown in Figures 1 and 2.

The operation is as follows:

The device of my invention provides for the adjustment of the storm window to a slightly open position which will secure ventilation at the sides and also at the top, this ventilating position of the storm window being illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. For accomplishing this result the onlything necessary is to push the storm window sash outward at the bottom suinciently that its lower rail 25 will clear the window sill 35. The storm window may then be permitted to drop down as far as it will go. This downward movement of the storm window will be stopped, at each side thereof, by the hook 2| abutting against the lower end of the slot 58, while the retaining prong 22 will extend downward at the outer side of the lower end portion ll of the lever arm l5, as to each of the hanger members A and B, as is clearly shown for the hanger member A in Figures 3 and 4.

In this partly open ventilating position of the storm window free swinging movement thereof, such as might be caused by the wind, may be prevented by anchoring the lower portion of the storm window sash to the window frame by any simple suitable means, not shown but as will be readily understood. The storm' window of course may be restored to its normal closed position at any time desired merely by lifting it upon the window sill 3i and pulling it inward at the bottom. i

The device of my invention provides for a storm window being easily and conveniently placed in position in the window frame or removed therefrom from the inside of the room. In order to detach and remove-the storm window from its normal position shown in Figures 1 and 2, this window is swung outward at the bottom to a somewhat greater extent than is indicated in Figure 4 and tea position in which it will move the pivoted hanger members A and B sub-' stantially to the position of the hanger member A shown in Figure 5;

In this position of the hanger member and as there shown the inner edge M of its top wall I3 will abut against and be stopped in frictional wedging engagement with the outer face of the window frame stop strip 34. This frictional engagement is capable of holding the hanger member at this outwardly swung position, as shown in Figure 5. The upper end of the storm window sash may then be moved inwardly, whereupon the hook 2| together with its retaining prong 22 will be withdrawn out of the slot iii in the hanger lever IS, the resulting position of the hanger member and sash being clearly shown in Figure 5.

In order to instal the storm window in position in the window frame it is only necessary, after placing this storm window substantially in the position shown thereof in Figure 5, to press it upwardly, whereupon the upward pressure of the upper end of the sash against the lever-forming inner end portion of the hanger top wall it along its edge [4 will swing the hanger on its pivot 19, thereby moving its lever arm i5 inwardly towards the sash and passing the slot it over the hook portions 2| and 22. The

storm window may then be swung fully inward to i the closed position thereof shown in Figures 1 and 2, and with the hangers A and B then positioned as there shown; I

In case one or both of the hanger members A and B should happen to be at an inwardly swung position thereof, for example substantially as shown in Figure 2, at the time when it is desired to instal the storm window it is only necessary to pass the upper end of the sash frame upwardly along the outer face of the stop strip 34. In this upward movement of the storm window sash its upper end will pass at the inner side of the outwardly inclined lower end portion ii and as the upward movement of the storm window is continued, the rounded hook portion 2| and the outwardly inclinedhook prong 22 will be brought into successive camrning engagement with the outwardly flaring portion I! and thereby will swing the hanger lever l5 outward. Further upward movement of the storm window sash will then swing the lever arm l5 inward as above described, the storm window thus being brought to its final position shown in Figures 1 and 2. i

- upper floors.

Storm windows'as commonlyhung at the top on hook hinges are very difiicult or substantially impossible to place in position and to remove from the inside of the room. This is commonly particularly true in view of the fact that when thus hung these windows must be swung outward to an inconvenient extent before the hooks of their hinges can be engaged together or disengaged for separating them,

whereby an unusual efiort and disadvantageous expenditure of strength are required, accompanied by considerable danger, particularly on It will now be evident that the storm window of my invention can be readily removed and replaced from the inside of the room without extraordinary effort and without difiiculty.

It is to be further noted that the hanger members A and B are easily accessible from within the room, and may thus be readily installed on the window frame, by means of their pivot screws l9, and are as readily removed when so desired.

With the device of my invention, it is to be noted that a window screen may be substituted for the storm window, while still utilizing the same hanger members A and B, which remain in place upon the window frame. In such case it is only necessary to equip the screen frame or sash with a pair of hooks similar to those shown in the drawing and as above described. As a matter of convenience, the screen sash may carry its own pair of similar hook members.

It is obvious that various modifications may be made in the construction shown in the drawing and above particularly described, within the principle and scope of my invention as defined in the appended claims.

I'do not limit myself specifically as to adaptations for particular uses, nor as to size, particular shape, dimensions, materials, nor to a specific relationship of operating parts and elements, as shown and described, these being given simply as a means for clearly describing the device of my invention.

What I claim is:

1. An equipment device for storm windows an the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having a lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member.

' 2. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member,

pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having a lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, yieldable means adapted for yieldingly retaining and maintaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member, said pivot means comprising an element of said hanger member disposed within the angle between its said lever arms and having through it a pivot hole, and a headed pivot stud adapted to pass through said hole and to be fixedly secured to the side of the window frame below its lintel for thereby pivotally attaching said hanger member to the window frame.

I 3. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having a lever armextended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, friction means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said. hanger member.

4. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having a lever-arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion-cf said sash, yieldable means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means adapted to provide a disengageable interengaging vertical lost motion connection between said sash and the downwardly extendedouter lever arm of said hanger member and adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member at an outswung lowered position of said sash.

5. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having a lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, friction means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means adapted to providea disengageable interengaging vertical lost motion connection between said sash and the downwardly extended outerlever arm of saidhanger member andadaptedfor removably and replaceably Sup!" porting said sash onsaid hanger member at an outswung lowered position of said sash, said pivot means comprising an element of said hanger member disposed Within the angle between its said lever arms and having through it a pivot hole, and a headed pivot stud adapted to pass through said hole and to be fixedly secured to the side of the window frame below its lintel for thereby pivotally attaching said hanger member to the window frame.

6. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having an upper lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window saslnan outer lever arm extended downwardly from the outer portion of said upper lever arm'beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, said lever arms together forming substantially a right-angular bell-crank lever, friction means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means adapted to provide a disengageable interengaging vertical lost motion connection between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member and adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member at an outswung lowered position of said sash; said pivot means comprising a right-angular flange on said hanger member within the an le between its said lever arms and having through it a pivot hole spaced downwardly from said upper lever arm and spaced outwardly from its inner end, and a headed pivot stud adapted to pass through said hole and fixedly enter the side of the window v frame in spaced relation below its lintel and spaced outwardly from its outer stop strip for thereby pivotally attaching said hanger member to the window frame.

7. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having an upper lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly from the outer portion of said upper lever beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, said lever arms together forming substantially a right-angular bell-crank lever, friction means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means adapted to provide a disengageable interengaging vertical lost motion connection between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member and adapted for removably, and replaceabiy supporting said sash on said hanger member at an outswung lowered position of said sash; said friction means comprising. an inner end portion of said upper lever arm adapted to have frictional engagement with the outer stop strip of the window frame and to be stopped thereby in frictional holding engagement therewith.

the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, ,pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger memberto a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having an upper lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of a storm window sash, an outer lever arm extended downwardly from the outer portion of said upper lever arm beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, said lever arms together forming substantially a right-angular bell-crank lever, friction means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hangermember'at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means adapted to provide a disengageable interengaging vertical lost motion connection between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member and adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member at an outswung lowered position of said sash; said disconnectible connecting means comprising a hook member adapted to be fixedly carried by said storm window sash and having an outwardly projecting downturned outwardly and downwardly inclined cam-forming hook element, said outer lever arm having an outwardly flaring lower end portion adapted to have camming engagement with said inclined hook element, and said outer lever arm having a vertically slotted opening through which said hook member is adapted to pass.

9. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a pivotal hanger member, pivot means adapted for pivotally attaching said hanger member to a window frame to have a horizontal pivotal axis parallel with the window, said hanger member having an upper lever arm extended inwardly beyond said pivot and adapted to be engaged from beneath by the upper end of lever arm beyond said pivot and adapted to have engagement with the outer face of the upper portion of said sash, said lever arms together forming substantially a right-angular bell-crank lever, friction means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member at a predetermined outswung position, and disconnectible connecting means adapted to provide a disengageable interengaging vertical lost motion connection between said sash and the downwardly extended outer lever arm of said hanger member and adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member at an outswung lowered position of said sash; said pivot means comprising a rightangular flange on said hanger member within the angle between its said lever arms and having through it a pivot hole spaced downwardly from said upper lever arm and spaced outwardly from its inner end, and a headed pivot'stud adapted to pass through said hole and fixedly enter the side of the window frame in spaced relation below its lintel and spaced outwardly from its outer stop strip for thereby pivotally attaching said hanger member to the window frame; said friction means comprising an inner end portion of said upper lever arm adapted to have frictional engagement with the outer stop strip of the window frame and to be stopped thereby in frictional holding engagement therewith; said disconnectible connecting means comprising a hook member adapted to be fixedly carried by said storm window sash and having an outwardly projecting downturned outwardly and downwardly inclined cam-forming hook element, said outer lever arm having an outwardly flaring lower end portion adapted to have camming engagement with said inclined hook element, and said outer lever arm having a vertically slotted opening through which said hook member is adapted to pass.

10. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a bell-crank lever forming a hanger member having an attaching portion by means of which it is adapted to be pivotally mounted upon a window frame with an outer bell-crank hanger arm extending downwardly and with an'upper bell-crank arm extending within the window frame, and disconnectible connecting means between the lower end portion of said outer hanger arm and a storm window sash adapted for removably and replaceably supporting said sash on said hanger member.

11. An equipment device for storm 'windows' and the like comprising a bell-crank lever forming a hanger member having an attaching portion by means of which it is adapted to be pivotally mounted upon a window frame with an outer bell-crank hanger arm extending downwardly and with an upper bell-crank arm extending within the window frame, an attaching member adapted to be fixed upon the window frame and adapted to have pivotal attaching engagement with said attaching portion of said hanger member, the lower end portion of said outer hanger arm being adapted to be disengageably engaged by a hook member, and a hook member adapted to be fixedly carried by a storm window sash and adapted to have disengageable engagement forming a sash-supporting connection with said outer hanger arm for thereby removably and replaceably supporting said storm window from said hanger member.

12. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a bell-crank lever forming a hanger member having an attaching portion by means of which it is adapted to be pivotally mounted upon a window frame with an outer bell-crank hanger arm extending downwardly and with an upper bell-crank arm extending within the window frame, an attaching member adapted to be fixed upon the window frame and adapted to have pivotal attaching engagement with said attaching portion of said hanger member, the lower end portion of said outer hanger arm being adapted to be disengageably engaged by a hook member, and a hook member adapted to be fixedly carried by a. storm window sash and adapted to have disengageable engagement forming a sash-supporting connection with said outer hanger arm, said outer hanger arm having a vertically slotted opening through which said hook member is adapted to pass and having lost motion therein.

13. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a bell-crank lever forming a hanger member having an attaching portion by means of which it is adapted to be pivotally mounted upon a window frame with an outer bell-crank hanger arm extending downwardly and with an upper bell-crank arm exgageably engaged by'a hook member, a hook member adapted to be fixedly carried by a storm Window sash and adapted to have disengageable engagement forming a sash-supporting connection with said outer hanger arm, and

means adapted for yieldingly retaining said hanger member with its outer hanger arm at an outswung position for thereby facilitating the disengagement of said hook member therefrom and its reengagement therewith.

14'. An equipment device for storm windows and the like comprising a hanger member in the form of a bell-crank lever having an outer downwardly extended bell-crank hanger arm and an upper bell-crank arm adapted to extend within a vertically disposed attaching flange within the angle-between its bell-crank arms adjacent to a lateral margin of these arms, an attaching member adapted to be fixed within a lateral side of the window frame and adapted to have pivotal attaching engagement with said hanger member flange, theilower end portion of said outer hanger arm being adapted to be disengageably engaged by a hookmember, and a hook member adapted 10 

